THE STUDY OF SCANDATE CATHODE AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION UNDER VARIOUS STAGES OF PROCESSING

Scandate cathode under various processing stages: scandia nano-powder, tungsten scandia mix powder, sintered and impregnated pellets, were characterized with techniques that included electron microscopy, EDS, XPS, and work function measurements. The size and shape uniformity of nano-scale scandia particles changed from round to square and polyhedron during heat treatment. Reduction in size and improvement in size uniformity as heat treating temperature increased were observed. When determining the highest Sc coverage, three assessment methods were used and with their combined results, it was concluded that set VII had the highest Sc at%. In the sintered pellets, it was observed with SEM that more initial scandia coverage in the mix powder sets corresponded to a larger number of scandia particles distributed over the tungsten surface. The structure of the cross section made on pellet surface was porous which was expected in any functional cathode. Kelvin probe measurements revealed that work function values of sintered pellets were similar and decreased by approximately 0.6 eV after the impregnation. A cross section on the impregnated pellet surface revealed that the pores that existed in sintered pellets were gone and filled with impregnated materials that emerged to the surface during impregnation

Public Access to Primary Legal Information in China: Challenges and Opportunities

Despite a lack of a national legislation that mandates open government information in the People\u27s Republic of China, each major government branch has taken proactive efforts to make primary legal information issued within their power available to the public. A close examination of Chinese official legal information portals on the national level reveal issues such as a lack of uniformity and a lack of access to authenticated primary legal information. This article proposes a solution that would not only offer more consistent guidelines for the government but would empower the public to assert their right to primary legal information more powerfully and effectively

John C.H. Wu and His Comparative Law Pursuit

In this paper, I will focus on exploring Wu\u27s accomplishments in comparative law from four different aspects. After a brief introduction to the historical and societal background of Wu\u27 s life and research in Part II, I will examine his comparative law research and methodologies in Part III. In Part IV, I will elaborate his contributions to the development of Chinese legal education in the Republican China era at the Comparative Law School of China. I will then analyze how his jurisprudence was further reflected in his judicial rulings, which helped shape the contemporary Chinese judicial system in Part V. In Part VI, I examine the 1933 Chinese Constitution drafted by Wu, which was not only a masterpiece of comparative law, but more importantly, a milestone in Chinese history. I will conclude the article by exploring how Wu\u27s research and thinking can actually benefit China today on the issues of legal transplantation, legal educational reform, and judicial reform, followed by a bibliography ofWu\u27s legal works

Behind Closed Doors: IRB\u27s and the Making of Ethical Research

In the late 1700s, English physician Edward Jenner intentionally exposed his infant son to swinepox and an eight-year-old boy to cowpox in order to observe whether they would become immune to related smallpox, a disease. While modern history of human experimentation can be traced back to the eighteenth century, the topic did not engage significant public attention until 1946, when the Nuremberg trials disclosed horrific medical experiments carried out by Nazi scientists. Now, almost all research involving human subjects is subject to prior review and ongoing monitoring by institutional review boards, or IRBs. Behind Closed Doors: IRBs and the Making afEthical Research, a new book from Wesleyan University sociologist Laura Stark, seeks to shed light on the closed-door decision-making processes employed by IRBs and to describe the historical developments that made the IRB and the group-review model the primary mechanisms governing research involving human subjects

Public Access to Primary Legal Information in China: Challenges and Opportunities

Despite a lack of a national legislation that mandates open government information in the People\u27s Republic of China, each major government branch has taken proactive efforts to make primary legal information issued within their power available to the public. A close examination of Chinese official legal information portals on the national level reveal issues such as a lack of uniformity and a lack of access to authenticated primary legal information. This article proposes a solution that would not only offer more consistent guidelines for the government but would empower the public to assert their right to primary legal information more powerfully and effectively

Multi-Finger MOSFET Low Noise Amplifier Performance Analysis

Multi-finger layout technique has been extensively used in Nano-scale CMOS circuit design due to the increased circuit performance compared to a single finger layout. However choosing a finger width (W_f) and number of fingers (N_f) to optimize circuit performance is a challenging problem. In this thesis, the performances of 2.4GHz and 6.0GHz single ended low noise amplifiers (LNA) with fixed total transistor widths in 90nm CMOS technology are analyzed as function of number of fingers, bias voltage (V_bias) and channel length (L). The results show that the drain to source current, transconductance and effective gate capacitance increase with increasing number of fingers. The effect of finger numbers, supply voltage and channel length on transistor cutoff frequency, low noise amplifier noise figure, voltage gain, center frequency, and impedance matching is presented. The simulation results show that the finger numbers affect the single ended cascode low noise amplifier slightly due to the inductors used. The bias voltage and channel length are the key parameters for this low noise amplifier design. A 200nm transistor length LNA has better gain and filter quality factor compared with 100nm for 2.4GHz and 6GHz cases in 90nm process. A higher bias voltage can decrease the noise figure, however, the trade-off is the power consumption is increased

Quadrature Phase-Domain ADPLL with Integrated On-line Amplitude Locked Loop Calibration for 5G Multi-band Applications

5th generation wireless systems (5G) have expanded frequency band coverage with the low-band 5G and mid-band 5G frequencies spanning 600 MHz to 4 GHz spectrum. This dissertation focuses on a microelectronic implementation of CMOS 65 nm design of an All-Digital Phase Lock Loop (ADPLL), which is a critical component for advanced 5G wireless transceivers. The ADPLL is designed to operate in the frequency bands of 600MHz-930MHz, 2.4GHz-2.8GHz and 3.4GHz-4.2GHz. Unique ADPLL sub-components include: 1) Digital Phase Frequency Detector, 2) Digital Loop Filter, 3) Channel Bank Select Circuit, and 4) Digital Control Oscillator. Integrated with the ADPLL is a 90-degree active RC-CR phase shifter with on-line amplitude locked loop (ALL) calibration to facilitate enhanced image rejection while mitigating the effects of fabrication process variations and component mismatch. A unique high-sensitivity high-speed dynamic voltage comparator is included as a key component of the active phase shifter/ALL calibration subsystem. 65nm CMOS technology circuit designs are included for the ADPLL and active phase shifter with simulation performance assessments. Phase noise results for 1 MHz offset with carrier frequencies of 600MHz, 2.4GHz, and 3.8GHz are -130, -122, and -116 dBc/Hz, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations to account for process variations/component mismatch show that the active phase shifter with ALL calibration maintains accurate quadrature phase outputs when operating within the frequency bands 600MHz-930MHz, 2.4GHz-2.8GHz and 3.4GHz-4.2GHz

John C.H. Wu and His Comparative Law Pursuit

In this paper, I will focus on exploring Wu\u27s accomplishments in comparative law from four different aspects. After a brief introduction to the historical and societal background of Wu\u27 s life and research in Part II, I will examine his comparative law research and methodologies in Part III. In Part IV, I will elaborate his contributions to the development of Chinese legal education in the Republican China era at the Comparative Law School of China. I will then analyze how his jurisprudence was further reflected in his judicial rulings, which helped shape the contemporary Chinese judicial system in Part V. In Part VI, I examine the 1933 Chinese Constitution drafted by Wu, which was not only a masterpiece of comparative law, but more importantly, a milestone in Chinese history. I will conclude the article by exploring how Wu\u27s research and thinking can actually benefit China today on the issues of legal transplantation, legal educational reform, and judicial reform, followed by a bibliography ofWu\u27s legal works

The Landscape of the Legal Professions in Europe and the USA: Continuity and Change

Overall, all articles in the book are thoroughly researched, documented, and presented with in-depth scholarly analyses. Although it is entitled The Landscape of the Legal Professions in the Europe and the USA, the European focus is apparent and dominant. On the other hand, comparative methodology is employed in most of the articles, either through a comparison of Europe nations and the United States, or through comparisons and contrasts among European countries. It will be of invaluable assistance to scholars interested in legal professions and legal system specifically and foreign and comparative law in general. It will be a great addition to academic law libraries collecting materials on legal professions and law practices